Note "para" is used for paragraph, but nothing is written prior to the pinpoint page.Īvoiding repetition: It is not necessary to repeat information provided in the text in the citation. Notes 1, 2, and 4 above demonstrate a pinpoint paragraph ("at para #"), while note 5 demonstrates a pinpoint page ("at #").
Pinpoint citation: To properly credit other sources, it is often necessary to identify the precise page or paragraph number of the source you are relying on. For books and articles, simply use the author's last name for subsequent references (see note 5), unless you have multiple sources by the same author, in which case a short form will be useful. Place the short form of the source in square brackets at the end of the first note for the source, as in note 1 above. Short forms: Provide a short form for a source if you will be referencing it multiple times, particularly if the source is longer than three words (see notes 1 and 4 above). Sanjeev Anand, "A Case for Upholding the Child Pornography Law" (1999) 25 CR (5th) 312. Use supra when referring to a source for which you have already provided a full citation in an earlier note (but not the one immediately prior, in which case you would use ibid). Ibid may be used after a supra, or after another ibid. Use ibid when referring to the same source as in the immediately preceding reference. Ibid : Abbreviation for Latin word ibidem, meaning "in the same place". Subsequent citations may use ibid or supra. This complete citation will be listed again in your bibliography - see that section for more detailed rules. The first time you cite a work in your paper, you should provide a complete citation for the work in a footnote or endnote. Typically the note is indicated at the end of the sentence or immediately after a quotation, as appropriate. In either case, a superscript number in the text identifies each note, matching the note number that appears at the bottom of the page or at the end of the paper. The term "note" will be used in this guide to refer to both footnotes and endnotes.Ī footnote/endnote normally contains a citation for a given source or additional information about a point made in the text. Footnotes are listed at the bottom of each page, while endnotes appear at the end of the paper. Most academic papers in law require the use of numbered footnotes or endnotes for citation purposes. It is important to provide proper citation to sources used when writing academic papers.
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